1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF BANANA
Bananas are the fruit of a herbaceous plant which come from regions in Southeast Asia (including Indonesia). These plants then spread to Africa (Madagascar), South & Central America. In West Java, bananas called Cau, in Central Java and East Java called papaya.
2. PLANT TYPE BANANA
Botanical classification of the banana plant are as follows:
Division: Spermatophyta
Sub Division: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledonae
Family: Musaceae
Genus: Musa
Species: Musa spp.
Bananas are divided into three types:
Banana fruit that is eaten without cooking, namely M. paradisiaca var Sapientum, M. nana also called cavendishii M., M. sinensis. For example, bananas, milk, king, cavendish, barangan & mas.
Banana fruit that is eaten after cooked namely M. paradisiaca forma typicaatau also called M. paradisiaca normalis. For example banana jackfruit and horn.
Bananas have seeds that M. brachycarpa in Indonesia who used the leaves. For example, bananas rock.
Captured banana fiber such as bananas manila (abaca). [Type of banana]
3. BENEFITS OF BANANA PLANTS
Banana is a very nutritious fruit that is a source of vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. Banana used as table fruit, banana sale, mashed bananas and banana flour. Banana peels can be used to make the vinegar through a fermentation process of alcohol and acetic acid. Banana leaf is used as a wide variety of food wrappers tradisional Indonesia. Abaca stem is processed into fibers for clothing, paper and so on. Banana trees that have been cut small and banana leaves can be fed to ruminants (sheep, goats) during the dry season when the grass is not / less available. In radisional, water banana rock stem tubers used as a cure dysentery and bleeding of the colon while the banana stem water is used as a remedy against urinary and antidote.
4. BANANA PLANTING CENTER
For the cultivation of bananas in almost every place can be easily found banana plants. Banana production center is in West. It is not known exactly how many banana plantations in Indonesia. Nevertheless, Indonesia is one of the tropical countries that supply fresh banana / dried to Japan, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Arabia, Australia, the Netherlands, United States and France. The highest export value in 1997 was to China.
Banana Fruit Cultivation Techniques
5. BANANA PLANTS GROWING CONDITIONS
5.1. Climate
Wet tropical climate, humid and hot for banana cultivation. However, bananas are still able to grow in subtropical areas. In conditions without water, bananas are still grown because the stem which water is supplied from a watery but its production can not be expected.
High winds as the wind can damage the leaf beetle and affect plant growth.
Optimal rainfall is 1520-3800 mm / year with 2 months to dry. Variations in rainfall must be balanced with the water level so that the soil is not waterlogged soil.
5.2. Growing Media
Bananas can be grown in soil that is rich in humus, containing lime or heavy soil. This plant foods that should be greedy banana cultivation in soil friable with fertilization.
Water should always be available but may not be pooled because banana plants should be irrigated with intensive. Groundwater level in the wet area is 50-200 cm, in the semi-wet 100-200 cm and in arid regions 50-150 cm. Land that has experienced erosion will not result in a good harvest of fruit which. Soil should be easy to absorb water. Bananas do not live in the land of 0.07% saline.
5.3. The Altitude
This plant is drought tolerant & heights. In Indonesia generally can be grown in the lowlands to the mountains as high as 2,000 m above sea level. Banana, jackfruit and horns grow well until an altitude of 1,000 m above sea level. [Requirements grow banana plants]
Cultivation of Bananas
Cultivation of Bananas
6. GUIDELINES FOR CULTURE BANANA
6.1. Nurseries
Bananas are propagated by vegetative form shoots (tillers).
a. Seed Requirements: High tiller that is used as a seed 1-1.5 m with a width of 15-20 cm tuber pieces. Puppies taken from trees that bear good & healthy. High seed will affect the production of bananas (COMB number within each cluster). Seedling there are two types: young chicks and adults. The nymphs mature better used because it would have interest in food supplies within weevil has been a lot. The use of seeds that shaped spear (leaf is shaped like a sword, narrow leaves) take precedence over the width of seedlings with leaves.
b. Preparation of Seed: Seed can be purchased from local / other place or provided in your own garden. Plants for seedlings planted at a spacing rather tight around 2 x 2 m. One parent trees have buds left between 7-9. To avoid too many shoot number, cutting / thinning shoots.
c. Before Planted Seed Sanitation: To avoid the spread of pests / diseases, before planting the seedlings were treated as follows:
*
Once cut, clean the soil in the root distinguished.
* Keep
seedlings in shade 1-2 days before planting so that the wounds on the tubers to
dry.
Discard the leaves that wide.
*
Soak the seed tubers in limited neck stem insecticide within 0.5-1% for
10 minutes. Then the dried seeds.
* If
there are no insecticides, seed tubers soak in water for 48 hours.
*If
the existing planting areas nematodes, seed tubers soak in hot water within a
few minutes.
6.2. Media Processing Plant
Land Opening: Selection of land should consider the climate, the economic infrastructure and the location of the market / banana processing industry, must also be considered in terms of social security. To open a banana plantation, conducted eradication weeds, grass or bushes, scarify the soil which is still solid; manufacture swale and drains water expenses.
Swales formation sloping portion of land that need (made terraces). Swale width depends on the degree of slope of the land. Gastric arrested with grass swales or rocks if available. It is advisable to plant legumes such in the limit that serves as a barrier to erosion, stream nutrients N and also windbreak.
Making Water Sewer line should be made on small slopes and flat lands. At the top of the runway and the grass planted channels to avoid erosion of the grounding line itself.
6.3. Planting Techniques
Determination of Crop Pattern: Spacing in banana cultivation is wide enough so that the first three months of the cropping pattern allows use intercropping / crop hallway between banana plants. Crop intercropping / alley can be either vegetable or annual crops. In most of the banana plantations in the region that high rainfall, bananas are grown together with the coffee plantation crops, cocoa, coconut & arecanuts. In western India, bananas for export permanently planted with coconut.
Preparation of Planting Holes: Hole size is 50 x 50 x 50 cm in the soil weight and 30 x 30 x 30 cm or 40 x 40 cm x40 for loose soils. A spacing of 3 x 3 m of soil was & 3.3 x 3.3 m for heavy soils.
How Planting: Planting is done before the rainy season (September-October). Before planting hole organic fertilizers such as manure / compost as much as 15-20 kg. Organic fertilizer affects the quality of the fruit flavors.
6.4. Plant Maintenance
Spacing: To get good results you, the groups should consist of 3-4 stems. Cutting child performed in the same way that there is a grove of saplings that each different age (growth phase). After 5 years clump demolished to be replaced with new-crop.
Weeding: Grass / weeds around the tree stem must be weeded so that the growth of the child and the parent are also good. Weeding is done in conjunction with friabling by hoarding land in order to grow a lot of roots and shoots. It should be noted that the roots of banana only an average of 15 cm below the soil surface, so it should not be done too deep weeding.
Cutting: The leaves that begin to dry out the plants pruned to hygiene and environmental sanitation is maintained. Disposal of leaves is done every time.
Fertilization: Bananas are in need of potassium in quantities. For one hectare, bananas require 207 kg of urea, 138 kg of super phosphate, 608 kg and 200 kg KCl limestone as a source of calcium. Fertilizer N is applied two times within one year within the array that is placed in that round clumps. Once the bolt is closed again with soil. Phosphate and potassium fertilization carried out 6 months after planting (two times in a year).
Irrigation & Watering: Bananas will thrive and produce well for irrigation awake. Plants are watered by means of water flushing or filling trench which is in between the rows of banana plants.
Giving Mulch: The soil around the clump of bananas were given in the form of dried leaves or mulch wet. Useful mulch to reduce evaporation of soil water and suppress weeds, but the continuous mulching causes shallow roots so the plants dry time languish. Because the mulch should not be placed continuously.
Maintenance Fruits: banana heart that has been within 25 cm of the last pieces of the comb should be cut so that the fruit growth is not inhibited. After the comb perfectly fluffy banana, banana bunches wrapped in a clear plastic bag. Polyethylene plastic bags with a thickness of 0.5 mm a hole with a diameter of 1.25 cm. Distance of each hole 7.5 cm. The size plastic bag is such that it covers 15-45 cm above the base of the comb at the top and 25 cm below the bottom end of the fruit of the comb. To keep the plants do not fall under the weight of bunches, propped up with bamboo plant stems that buried within 30 cm deep into the ground. [Banana cultivation guidelines]
How Growing Bananas
7. PEST & DISEASE BANANA
6.2. Media Processing Plant
Land Opening: Selection of land should consider the climate, the economic infrastructure and the location of the market / banana processing industry, must also be considered in terms of social security. To open a banana plantation, conducted eradication weeds, grass or bushes, scarify the soil which is still solid; manufacture swale and drains water expenses.
Swales formation sloping portion of land that need (made terraces). Swale width depends on the degree of slope of the land. Gastric arrested with grass swales or rocks if available. It is advisable to plant legumes such in the limit that serves as a barrier to erosion, stream nutrients N and also windbreak.
Making Water Sewer line should be made on small slopes and flat lands. At the top of the runway and the grass planted channels to avoid erosion of the grounding line itself.
6.3. Planting Techniques
Determination of Crop Pattern: Spacing in banana cultivation is wide enough so that the first three months of the cropping pattern allows use intercropping / crop hallway between banana plants. Crop intercropping / alley can be either vegetable or annual crops. In most of the banana plantations in the region that high rainfall, bananas are grown together with the coffee plantation crops, cocoa, coconut & arecanuts. In western India, bananas for export permanently planted with coconut.
Preparation of Planting Holes: Hole size is 50 x 50 x 50 cm in the soil weight and 30 x 30 x 30 cm or 40 x 40 cm x40 for loose soils. A spacing of 3 x 3 m of soil was & 3.3 x 3.3 m for heavy soils.
How Planting: Planting is done before the rainy season (September-October). Before planting hole organic fertilizers such as manure / compost as much as 15-20 kg. Organic fertilizer affects the quality of the fruit flavors.
6.4. Plant Maintenance
Spacing: To get good results you, the groups should consist of 3-4 stems. Cutting child performed in the same way that there is a grove of saplings that each different age (growth phase). After 5 years clump demolished to be replaced with new-crop.
Weeding: Grass / weeds around the tree stem must be weeded so that the growth of the child and the parent are also good. Weeding is done in conjunction with friabling by hoarding land in order to grow a lot of roots and shoots. It should be noted that the roots of banana only an average of 15 cm below the soil surface, so it should not be done too deep weeding.
Cutting: The leaves that begin to dry out the plants pruned to hygiene and environmental sanitation is maintained. Disposal of leaves is done every time.
Fertilization: Bananas are in need of potassium in quantities. For one hectare, bananas require 207 kg of urea, 138 kg of super phosphate, 608 kg and 200 kg KCl limestone as a source of calcium. Fertilizer N is applied two times within one year within the array that is placed in that round clumps. Once the bolt is closed again with soil. Phosphate and potassium fertilization carried out 6 months after planting (two times in a year).
Irrigation & Watering: Bananas will thrive and produce well for irrigation awake. Plants are watered by means of water flushing or filling trench which is in between the rows of banana plants.
Giving Mulch: The soil around the clump of bananas were given in the form of dried leaves or mulch wet. Useful mulch to reduce evaporation of soil water and suppress weeds, but the continuous mulching causes shallow roots so the plants dry time languish. Because the mulch should not be placed continuously.
Maintenance Fruits: banana heart that has been within 25 cm of the last pieces of the comb should be cut so that the fruit growth is not inhibited. After the comb perfectly fluffy banana, banana bunches wrapped in a clear plastic bag. Polyethylene plastic bags with a thickness of 0.5 mm a hole with a diameter of 1.25 cm. Distance of each hole 7.5 cm. The size plastic bag is such that it covers 15-45 cm above the base of the comb at the top and 25 cm below the bottom end of the fruit of the comb. To keep the plants do not fall under the weight of bunches, propped up with bamboo plant stems that buried within 30 cm deep into the ground. [Banana cultivation guidelines]
How Growing Bananas
7. PEST & DISEASE BANANA
7.1. Pest
Leaf caterpillar (Erienota thrax.)
Part is the leaves that are attacked.
Symptoms: leaf curl like sheath and tear up the veins.
Control: using insecticides suitable one does not exist, can be tried with the insecticide Malathion.
Uret beetle (Cosmopolites sordidus)
Parts are petals which attacked leaves, stems.
Symptoms: hallways up / down within petal leaves, banana stems filled hallway.
Control: banana grove sanitation, clean the residual clumps of banana trees, use seed that has been disinfected.
Nematodes (Rotulenchus similis, Radopholus similis).
Which is the root part attacked.
Symptoms: plants seem to languish, to form cavities or small spots within the root, root swelling.
Control: use seed that has been disinfected, increase soil humus levels and use of land with a small clay.
Caterpillars flower & fruit (Nacoleila octasema.)
Part and flower and fruit are attacked.
Symptoms: abnormal growth of the fruit, rind mangy. The presence of caterpillars at least 70 birds in bunches of bananas.
Control: using insecticides.
7.2. Disease
Haemophilia
Cause: Xanthomonas celebensis (bacteria). Parts that are attacked inside the plant tissue.
Symptoms: The network becomes reddish as bloody.
Control: to dismantle and burn plants sick.
Panama
Cause: The fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Part is the leaves that are attacked.
Symptoms: leaf wilting and dropping out, first outer leaves and the leaves on the inside, longitudinal splitting the leaf midrib, black sap discharge vessel.
Control: unpack and burn the plants sick.
Leaf spots
Cause: The fungus Cercospora musae. Part and attacked with symptoms of leaf spots are dark brown which is becoming widespread.
Control: by using a fungicide that contains Copper oxide or Porridge Bordeaux (BB).
Withered
Cause: Bacillus bacteria. Which is the root part attacked.
Symptoms: plants wilt and die.
Control: unpack and burn the plants sick.
Leaf bud
The cause: a virus by aphids Pentalonia nigronervosa intermediaries. Part and leaf buds are attacked.
Symptoms: leaf shoots grow upright in groups.
Control: how to dismantle and burn plants sick.
7.3. Weeds
Not long after planting and after mature canopy is formed, the weeds will be a problem that must be addressed immediately. Reduction is done by:
The use of herbicides such as Paraquat, Gesapax 80 Wp, Roundup & dalapon.
Plant a cover crop that can withstand erosion, shade tolerance, not easily attacked by pests and disease, do not climb the banana stem. For example Geophila repens.
Ground cover with polyethylene plastic.
8. BANANA FRUIT HARVEST
8.1. Characteristics & Harvest
At the age of 1 year the average banana has been fruitful. When the harvest is determined by the age of fruit & fruit shape. The hallmark of the flag leaf harvest is drying up. Fruits that are old enough to be harvested 80-100 days old with right-angled pieces that are still unclear to almost spherical. Determination of the age of the harvest should be based on the amount of time required for the transport of fruit to the sales area so that the fruit is not very mature when up in the hands of consumers. At least resistant bananas still stored 10 days after the consumer received.
8.2. How to Harvest
In the cultivation of bananas harvested together with their stems. Long bunches captured image is 30 cm from the base of the top comb. Use a sharp knife and clean that time cut bunches. Cherished banana bunches upside down so that the sap from the cut trickle down without contaminating the fruit. With this position bananas avoid injuries that can be caused by friction with the ground fruit. After the banana stem is cut to the stem tuber eliminated altogether. If the available workforce, banana stems can be cut to a height of 1 m from the ground.
8.3. Harvest Period
In reply quite extensive banana plantations, harvesting can be done 3-10 days depending on the setting number of productive plants.
8.4. Estimated Production
There is no standard banana production in Indonesia, in the center of the world banana production 28 tons / ha / year is only economical for household-scale plantations. For small farms (10-30 ha) and large plantations (> 30 ha), which economical production should reach at least 46 tons / ha / year.
9. Postharvest HARVEST
Conventionally bunches of bananas covered with dry banana leaves to reduce evaporation and transported to marketing using the vehicle open / closed. For overseas shipping, banana comb removed from their stems and then sorted out by size. Packing is done by using a cardboard container. Put a banana comb dos upside down within a few layers.
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