According to the systematics, including the apple crop, divisio: Spermatophyta, Subdivisio: Angiospermae, Klas: Dicotyledonae, Order: Rosales Family: Rosaceae, Genus: Malus, and Species: Malus sylvestris Mill.
Species Malus sylvestris Mill from this, there are a variety of varieties that have characteristics or peculiarities of its own. Some apple varieties featured include: Rome Beauty, Anna, Princess Noble.
Terms Growing Apples
The ideal rainfall is 1000-2600 mm / year with rainy days 110-150 days / year. Within a year the number of wet months and dry months 6-7 months 3-4 months. High rainfall during flowering will cause the flowers fall so it can not be the fruit.
Apple crop requires sufficient sunlight between 50-60% every day, especially during flowering. Appropriate temperature ranges between 16-27 degrees C. Desired air humidity around 75-85% crop apples.
Apples Growing Media
Apple plants grow well in soil that is bersolum in, have a high organic layer, and the structure of soil crumbs and loose, have aeration, water absorption, and good porosity, so that the exchange of oxygen, nutrient movement and storage of water is optimal capabilities.
Suitable soil is Latosol, Andosol and Regosol. Soil acidity (pH) suitable for apple crop is 6-7 and soil water content is needed is water available. In the apple crop growth requires sufficient soil water content.
Slopes that are too sharp will complicate treatment plants, so if still possible terracing the land was made arable. Apple plants can grow well and bear fruit at an altitude of 700-1200 m above sea level. the optimal height of 1000-1200 m above sea level.
Guidelines Growing Apples
Propagation of apple plants vegetative and generative done. Propagation and the common good is vegetative propagation, for generative propagation time consuming and often produce seeds that deviates from its parent. Generative propagation by seed, vegetative propagation done while the grafting or attachment (budding), connection (grafting) and cuttings.
Seed Requirements Terms rootstock: a wild apple, rooting broad and strong, sturdy tree form, has a high adaptability. While the terms buds are derived from plant stems and healthy apples have the superior properties.
Seed Preparation Preparation of seed is done by rootstock propagation steps are as follows:
a) Tillers 1. Seedling traits are taken height 30 cm, diameter 0.5 cm and brownish bark.
2. Puppies taken from the base of the stem below the productive plants by digging the soil around the trees, and saplings are removed along with the root-plots of land and carefully.
3. After seedling revoked, tillers dirompes and branches are cut, then planted in beds 60 cm wide by 40 cm depth of the trench.
b) layering
1. Seed elevating soil results can be obtained in two ways: - Puppies parent wild apple tree: a rather long tiller attached recline ground, then branch wood clamped and backfilled soil; backfilling is done every two eyes: if strong enough, can shoot separated by cutting the branches. - layering patch rootstock: done at the time the patch was opened (2 weeks) is to cut 2/3 part of the stem cross-section of the bottom, about 2 cm above the patch; cutouts embedded in the top of the ground and then bent upward again. In the given bending wood or bamboo tongs.
2. After about 4 months old elevat soil, the separation will seed by cutting the stem below the oblique cutouts or bending. Defolatan scar smeared.
c) Cuttings
Cuttings wild apple a length of 15-20 cm (diameter uniform and straight), before planting the cuttings dipped into the bottom of the Roton solution F to stimulate root growth. Planting distance of 30 x 25 cm, each planted two rows of beds. Grafted cuttings ready at age 5 months, stem diameter ± 1 cm and rooting quite strong enough.
Techniques nursery
a) Adherence
1. Select the rootstock is qualified 5-month-old, ± 1 cm diameter trunk and the bark is easily peeled from the wood.
2. Take the eye patch of healthy branches or stems from an apple tree yielding varieties which have proved its superiority. The trick is to slash the eye patch along with the wood along the 2.5-5 cm (eyes in the midst). Then a layer of wood disposed of carefully so that his eyes are not damaged
3. Create an open tongue bark on the rootstock as high as ± 20 cm from the base of the stem with adjustable size with the eye patch. The tongue and the tilt of the timber cut in half.
4. Insert the tongue into the eye patch rootstocks that stick well. Tie ribbon patch with white plastic on all parts of the patch.
5. After 2-3 weeks, the bond can be opened and spray patch / compress with PGR. Patch so have some signs of fresh green eye patch and attached. 6. In grafting is finished, slice the stem about 2 cm above the grafting with transverse position slightly inclined upward as deep as 2/3 piece sectional. The goal is to concentrate growth that spurred the growth of buds.
b) Grafting
1. Scions (budwood) a branch (branch lateral shoots).
2. Rootstock is cut at a height of ± 20 cm from the root of the neck.
3. Cut the bud and split down the middle with stems 2-5 cm long.
4. Branch cutting along ± 15 cm (± 3 eyes), leaves discarded, and the base of the stem above the wedge-shaped sliced. Length equal to the length hemisphere slices rootstock.
5. Upper parts of the stem is inserted into the rootstock, so that they can meet the cambium.
6. Tie connection with a plastic rope tightly as possible.
7. any connection with a plastic bag. After 2-3 weeks old, plastic hood can be opened to see the success of the connection.
Maintenance of nurseries
Maintenance rootstock includes
a) Fertilization: done 1-2 months with urea and TSP each 5 grams per plant (distributed surround) around the plant.
b) Weeding: weeding time depending on weed growth.
c) Irrigation: once a week (if no rain)
d) Elimination of pests and diseases: pesticides sprayed 2 times per month with regard attack symptoms. Fungicides used were Antracol or Dithane, while the insecticide is Supracide or Decis. Along with this can also be given leaf manure, plus adhesive Agristic.
Change Seed Seedling grafting grafting (attachment and connection) can be transferred to the field at the age of at least 6 months after grafting, cut to height of 80-100 cm and leaves dirompes.
Media Processing Plant
1) Preparation Preparation that is needed is the cultivation of land preparation and implementation of the survey. The goal is to determine the type of crop, soil slope, soil conditions, determine the need for labor, materials and costs necessary.
2) Land Opening Soil processed by digging the ground at the same time cleaning the plant remains are still left behind.
3) Establishment of Beds In the apple crop plots hardly necessary, but only exaltation pestle planting.
4) Liming Liming aims to maintain the pH balance of the soil. Calcification occurs only when the soil pH is less than 6. 5) Fertilization Fertilizers applied to land management is as much as 20 kg of manure per planting hole with soil evenly mixed, then left for 2 weeks.
Planting Techniques 1) Determination of Planting Pattern Apple plants can be grown in monoculture or intercroping. Intercroping can only be done when the ground is not covered editorials leaves or before 2 years. But at this point, after going through some intercroping research on apple crops can be performed with low berhabitat plants, such as peppers, onions and others. Apple crop can not be planted at a distance that is too tight as it will be very thick which will cause high humidity, lack of air circulation, sunlight and stunted growth of the disease. Ideal spacing for plants depending on the varieties of apple. For varieties and fees Moble is 3-3.5 x 3.5 m, while for the varieties Rome Beauty and Anna can be shorter which is 2-3 x 2.5-3 m.
Hole Making Plant Planting hole size between 50 x 50 x 50 cm to 1 x 1 x 1 m. Above ground and below ground are separated, each mixed with 20 kg of manure . After the land is left for ± 2 weeks, and by planting appropriate native dugouts returned.
How Planting Planting apples do well in the rainy season or dry (in the fields). Recommended for dry land during the rainy season. Way of planting apple seeds are as follows: a. Put the seeds into the ground the bottom of the planting hole. b. Put seeds amid the hole while diatar roots in order to spread. c. Put the top soil in the hole to the extent of root and soil excavation pit plus. d. When all the land has been entered, press the soil-pressed slowly by hand so firmly planted seeds and straight. To withstand the wind, the seeds can be detained at stake with loose ties.
Plant Maintenance Apples
1) Spacing and stitching Do not crop thinning, while stitching done on dead plant or turned off because they do not produce by planting new crops replace the old plant. Stitching should be done in the rainy season.
2) Weeding Weeding is done only when there are many around the parent plants are considered weeds can disrupt the plant. At the apple orchard planted with tight spacing (± 3 × 3 m), peniangan hardly necessary because the canopy of leaves covering the ground so that the grass can not grow.
3) Elevate soilWeeding is usually followed by enrichment ground. elevate soil intended to elevate the back ground around the plant to avoid stagnant water and also to loosen the soil. elevate soil usually done after harvest or in conjunction with fertilization.
4) Trimming The part that needs to be trimmed is newly planted seedlings to 80 cm tall, growing shoots below 60 cm, the shoots of the end of some sections of the shoots, 4-6 eyes and scars the fruit stalk, Knop infertile, diseased branches and not produktif , which makes it difficult bending branches, twigs or leaves that cover the fruit. Pruning is done since the age of 3 months to obtain the desired shape (4-5 years).
5) Fertilization a) In the rainy season / paddy land 1. Simultaneously rompes leaf (
Future Harvest Apples In general, apples can be harvested 4-5 months after the flowers bloom, depending on variety and climate. Rome Beauty can be learned at the age of about 120-141 days from bloom flowers, can be harvested at 114 days after anthesis and Anna about 100 days. However, in the rainy season and higher places, the age of the fruit longer.
Harvesting is best done when the plant reaches physiological maturity levels (ripening), which is the rate at which fruit has the ability to be a normal cook after harvesting. Physiologically ripe fruit traits are: the maximum size of the fruit looks, aroma began to be felt, the color looks bright fruit when pressed feels fresh and sharp. Plucking an apple is done by picking the fruit by hand simultaneously to any garden. Apple harvest period is six months based on cycle maintenance has been done. Production of fruit depends on the variety of apple, apple production is generally 6-15 kg / tree.
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